A+Guide+to+References

From: August 7, 2010 **Conventions in footnoting for essays, papers and books.** ©Werner Hammerstingl, 1998, 2010


 * Footnotes and Endnotes. ** While both footnotes and endnotes can be used interchangeably to some extent, the ultimate guide for choosing one over the other should be the readers experience. Footnotes/endnotes are frequently the optimal solution for a free-flowing text which might be supported by more detail available in an endnote or footnote. This is especially the case where insertion of a direct quotation in the body of the text is not appropriate. In cases where a report or article contains an excecutive report I'd suggest the writer follow the logic that an executive report might be seperated from the main report and the former should therefore use footnotes and the latter endnotes. To avoid any confusion between the two, one might use Roman and the other Arabic numerals.

USE OF //**Ibid.**//: When references to the same work follow each other without any intervening references even though they are separated by several pages, the abbreviation //ibid.// (for the Latin //ibidem//, "in the same place") is used to repeat the preceding reference. Any changes in volume and/or page numbers must be indicated following //ibid//. However, if the reference is to the same volume and page number(s) as the preceding references then nothing follows //ibid//. //Ibid//. may not be used to repeat part of a preceding reference.

USE OF //**Op. cit.**//: Reference to a work which has already been cited in full form but not in the reference immediately preceding should include the author's last name (but not his/her first name or initials unless two authors by the same last name have already been mentioned in the paper), and the abbreviation //op.cit.// from the Latin //opere citato// ("in the work cited"). In most entries //op. cit.// is followed by the page designation

USE OF **//Loc. cit.//**: //Loc. cit.// (for the Latin //loco citato// "in the place cited',) is used in lieu of //ibid.// when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding but also refers to the same page. Loc. cit. is also used in lieu of //op. cit.// when reference is made to a work previously cited and to the same page in that work. Hence, loc. cit. is never followed by volume and/or page numbers. When it takes the place of //ibid.//, //loc. cit.// is capitalized.